æ¢ æ¯ãªã¿ã«æããããŠããå¶æªãªããªãããŒã®å®³æ¯ãã«ã€ããŠããŸã瀟äŒç§©åºããã¿ãæ§ç ãšãªãããŒã®èæ¯ã«ãããã®
Â
ããã€ãŠãªãããŒã¯ããããã害ããããããšä¿¡ããããæããããŠããã
ã18äžçŽã®ããŒã¶ã³ãã®å»è
ã§ãããã£ãœã®ããªããã¹ã ããã¹ã¿ãŒããŒã·ã§ã³ãåŒãèµ·ããç
æ°ã«ã€ããŠãïŒ1760ïŒã¯ããªãããŒããç§åŠçã«ç³ŸåŒŸãããæ代ã®æãéããããããŸã§ã¯ããªãããŒã¯ãããã«èŽåœçãªçœªã§ã¯ãã£ãããæäŒã§å解ããã°ã©ãã«ãæ¶ãå»ãããšã®ã§ãã眪ã§ãã£ããã ã身äœã«æ ¹æ ããã€çŸç
ãšãªããšããã¯ãå解ã§ã¯è§£æ±ºããªãã
ãããªããã¹ã ãã®æ¬¡ã®ããã¯èšè¿°ã¯ãã®ã¡ã«ãããããšåºãŠããé¡æžã«ãèŠããããå
žåçãªãã®ã ãããã§ç ç²ã«ãªãã®ã¯ãåäžæ³ãŸã§ã¯ããã¶ãå¥åº·ã ã£ããæèšè·äººã®å°å¹Žãã ã圌ã¯äžå¹žãªããšã«ãªãããŒã«ç±äžããæ¯æ¥è¡ãããšãã«ã¯äžæ¥äžåã«åã¶ããšããã£ããšããããããŠäžå¹Žãçµã€ãšâŠâŠ
Â
ããã®ããç§ã¯äžåºŠäŒã£ãããšãããã®ã ãããŸãåããå°è±¡ã¯ãçããŠãã人éããã¯æ»äœã«è¿ããšãããã®ã ã£ããäœãåããããšãã§ããªãã錻ããã¯è¡ãåºãŠãããã²ã©ãå£èãäžç¢ãããŠããŠèã®ãããã¯ç³å°¿ãŸã¿ããªã®ã«ãããæ°ã«ãªããªãæ§åã粟液ãåºã£ã±ãªããç®ã¯ç©ºããèã匱ããåŒåžãèŠããããå¿ãäœãšåæ§ã«äžèª¿ãé ã®äžã«ã¯äœããªããèšæ¶ãã§ãããäºã€ã®æãã€ãªããããšãã§ããªããããããŠæããã®ã¯çã¿ã ãã*1
Â
ãããããŠå°å¹Žã¯1757幎6æã«æ»äº¡ããã®ã§ãã£ãã
ãçã£ãŠããªããïŒããããã¯å®éã«èŠããŸãŸãèšããŠãããšããŠãããã¯æ¬åœã«ãªãããŒãåå ã ã£ãã®ãïŒãµã«ã¢ãã©ææçã§ã¯ãªãã®ãïŒïŒããšããçåãåœç¶æ¹§ããŠããããããã¯å¥ã®é幎ã¯ãªãããŒãããã³ã«å¿
ãç²çã®çºäœãèµ·ãããŠããã®ã ãïŒç²çã ã£ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããïŒïŒããããæããããã®äžã«èœã¡ãŠè¡å¡ãã«ãªã£ãŠæ»ãã§ããã®ãçºèŠãããããšããããã£ãœã¯ããã¹ã¿ãŒããŒã·ã§ã³ã«èµ·å ãããŠãããæ§çæ£ãã§æ»äº¡ãããšå³æããã
Â
ãªãããŒã«ãã£ãŠè¡°åŒ±æ»ãããã£ãŠããç·æ§ãTHE FATAL CONSEQUENCES OF MASTURBATION.(1830)
Â
ãããªããã¹ã ãã®å 容ã¯é·ãããã ä¿¡ãããã1905幎ãŸã§çãéãããæã ã¯ããå¿ããŠããŸã£ããã20äžçŽäžé ãŸã§ãªãããŒã¯ããªããšãªã眪æªæãããããšããã¬ãã«ã®è©±ã§ã¯ãªããå®éã«å¿èº«ã«å®³ããããããšèããããŠããã®ã§ããã
ãããã«ããŠãé¡æžã«ããèšè¿°ã¯ããŸãã«ã䌌éã£ãŠãããå®éããããã®æåã«ã¯å ±éããã³ãŒãããã£ãã*2ã€ãŸããã³ãã¬ã確ç«ãããŠããããã ããããŠããããã¯ããé倧ãªç æ°ââæã«ã¯èº«äœçé害ãç¥çé害ããããŠé埳çé害ã®èŠ³å¯èšé²ãæŽçšãããã®ã§ãã£ããããšãã°ããšãŒã«ã»ã¬ã«ããšã«ãã次ã®èšè¿°ãå žåçãªãã®ãšãããŠããã
Â
ããã¹ã¿ãŒããŒã·ã§ã³ã¯ãçŽ äººç®ã«ãããèŠãŠãšãããé¡è²ã¯èŒçœãããã¿ãç®ã¯å¹ã¿ãåšãã«ã¯éãã§ããè¡šæ ã«ã¯ãçŸæ¥ãšæ²åãšäžå®ãæ··ç¶ãšãªã£ãŠçŸããŠããã*3
Â
ãªãããŒã§ç æ°ã«ãªã£ãç·ãR.&L.Perry and Co:The Silent Ffriend.(1853)
Â
ãçŽ äººç®ã«ãããèŠãŠãšããŸãããããé»è»ã«ä¹ã£ãŠããŠããã£ãã®äººã¯ãªãããŒããŠããªãé¡ã¯èŒçœããç®ã¯å¹ãã§ããããšæããããšã¯ãæ£çŽãªãšããäžåºŠããªãã
ãããäžã€äŸãæãããšããã©ã«ãŒã¹åä¹äžçŽå€§çŸç§äºå
žã(1866-1873)ã«ã¯ãªãããŒã«ã€ããŠã次ã®ãããªæèšãããã
Â
ããã¹ã¿ãŒããŒã·ã§ã³ãéåžžã«å€ãã®ç æ°ã®çŽ å°ãšãªãããšã¯ãå šãŠã®å»åž«ãèªããŠãããäºå®ãæ¯æ¢ããªããã®è¡çºã«ãµããè ã¯ãããã«å šèº«è¡°åŒ±ç¶æ ã«é¥ãâŠâŠçµæãšããŠç¹ã«ã衰匱ã䌎ãèºç ã®çºç ãèŠããããŸãç¥çµç³»ã«ããŸããŸãªé害ãçŸããâŠâŠ
ãïŒäžç¥ïŒ
ãæ³ååãšåæã«ææ ã匱ãŸããå šãŠã«åŠã¿ã極ããŠç°¡åãªããšãèããã®ãåããæäœéã®ç¥çåŽåãã§ããªããªããå¿èº«ã®è¡°ããèªèŠããŠãããããæ¹åããããã«å¿ èŠãªç²Ÿç¥çãšãã«ã®ãŒã¯ãæ¢ã«ãªãâŠâŠæ¥µåºŠã®æ鬱æãšããã³ã³ããªãŒã«è¥²ããããæãšããŠãæã®èªåã®å§¿ãæãã ããå°æ¥ã®å§¿ãäºæ³ããããšã§ã人çã®ããããåã³ã«å¯Ÿããå«æªæã«æºããããæ²ãã¿ã«æ²ãã§èªæ®ºã«è³ãå Žåãããã*4
Â
ãã©ã«ãŒã¹ã¯ãã®åŸããªããªããªãããŒã«å¯ŸããŠä¿å®çãªæ 床ãæ¹ããªãã£ãããã§ã1923幎ã®çã§ããŸã ããªããã¹ã ã¯ãã°ãã°éåžžã«é倧ãªé害ãããããããšæžããŠããã*5ãŸã19äžçŽçã«ã€ããŠã¯ãåœæã®å»åŠãããããã®æ°Žæºã ã£ãã®ã§æ ç¶é éã®äœå°ã¯ããã«ããŠãã
ãããããå»åŠçèŠè§£ã®èæ¯ã«ã¯ãå®æçé埳芳ãã¹ã£ãã貌ãä»ããŠããããšã¯èšããŸã§ããªããããªãã¡ãªãããŒãšãã倧眪ãç¯ããããã«ã¯ããããªãã®éãå ±ããåããªããã°éçãéãã¬ã®ã§ããã*6å»åž«ã§ãããã€ãé埳ç¥åŠã®æš©åšã§ãã£ããã¥ãã¬ã€ãç¥ç¶ã®æ¬¡ã®ãããªèšè¿°ã¯19äžçŽãšããŠã¯ãªãŒãœããã¯ã¹ãªãã®ã§ãã£ãã
Â
ããã®äžå¹žã§æ¥ãã¹ãæ 念ã®ç ç²ãšãªã£ãè¥è ãã¡ã¯ãå€ããå°ãªããèšæ¶åãšç¥èœã倱ãããããŠæãã§éæãã§ãã«ã§é°æ°ã§é°é¬±ã§æ鬱ã§å¿æ°çã§å æ°ã§æ æ°ã§åæ¯ã§ç¡æ°åã«ãªããæããã衰匱ãšã身ã®æ¯ããã ã€ã»ã©ã®ããããç¶æ ã«é¥ãã
ãïŒäžç¥ïŒ
ããã®è ã¯ç¥ã«èããèªç¶ã«èããèªãã«èããã®ã ãåµé äž»ã®æããèžã¿ã«ãããèªãã®å ã«ããç¥ã®å§¿ããããããã ãã®ã®å§¿ã«å€ããŠããŸã£ãã®ã ã*7
Â
ããšããã§ãåŸå¹Žã®äººæ°ããã°ãã¡ã12æ³ãã§çŽ¹ä»ãããŠãããæã²ããæ°ã®ãæ§æ¬ããšããæåã®ãšããã³ã¬ã«ã¯ããŸã å°ãããããäžç芳ãæ®ã£ãŠããããã«æãã
Â
Â
Â
ãâŠâŠã ãããã§ãã¡ãã£ãšæ°ã«ãããããšãããããšããã®ããã©ããæã«ãã£ãŠãªãããŒã®å®³æªãæ¢
æ¯ã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžã«æ¥è¿ããå Žåããããããã®ã ã
ãããã売æ¥å©Šãªã©ã®äžç¹å®å€æ°ãšã®ã»ãã¯ã¹ãšçµã³ã€ããããŠããæ¢
æ¯ãšããããå¯å®€ã人ç®ã«é ããŠäžäººã§ãããã®ã§ãã£ããªãããŒã®ç
çžããããŸã«æ¥æ¥è¿ãããã®ããã«èŠããã®ã¯äœæ
ãªã®ãããã®çç±ãŸã§ã¯è§£ãæããããšãåºæ¥ãªãããç¥ããªãããä»åã®èšäºã§ã¯ãããèŠãŠããããã
Â
ãïŒ
Â
ãæ¢ æ¯ãããããŸããæããããªã€ã¡ãŒãžãšããç¹ã§ã¯äžã«æããããªãããŒã®å®³ããšåç§ããªãããããããã¡ãã¯ããªãããŒã®å®³æªãã®ãããªæ³åäžã®ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãçŸå®ã§ããã
ãããã·ãªã³ã®ãããªå¹æçãªæ²»çæ³ããªãã£ãæ代ã®æ¢ æ¯ãšããã®ã¯ãé²è¡ãããšéªšã«ãŸã§éãããŽã ç¶ã®è «çã«ãã£ãŠé¡ã¯ããšããå šèº«ãéãæªã¿ãããèãããã«éŒ»ãèœã¡ãããšããããè³ã»èé«ã»ç¥çµã®éº»çºæ§çŽåãèµ·ãããæçµçã«ã¯è¡°åŒ±æ»ã«è³ããšãããããããç ã§ãã£ãã
ããŽã©ã«ããŒã«ãã«ã³ãã£ãŒããã®ãªãã«ãã«ã³ãã£ãŒãã®æ§åž«ã§ãããã³ã°ãã¹ãšããå²åŠè ãåºãŠãããã圌ã¯åäŒãããšãä¹é£ã®ãããªãã€ãã姿ã§æ¢ æ¯ããããã£ãŠãããã¡ãã£ãšããç«éã³ãåå ã ã£ãã®ã ãããã®ããŸã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªãã®ã ã£ããšããã
Â
ãããã ãã ãå¹åºç©ã ããã§ãç®ã«ã¯çæ°ããªãã錻å ã¯åŽ©ããå£ã¯ã²ãæ²ããæ¯ã¯çé»ã§å£°ã¯ãããããã²ã©ãå³ã«èŠããã§ãæ°åŒµããã³ã«æ¯ãäžæ¬ãã€åãåºããã°ãã*8
Â
1498幎ã®å»åŠæžã«æãããæ¢ æ¯æ£è
Â
ããã®æç¹ãã§ã«ãããïŒããªãããŒæ£è ã«ã€ããŠã®æåãšãªãã ã䌌ãŠãªããïŒããšæã£ãã®ã ããšã«ãã話ãé²ãããã
ãããŠããã·ãªã³ããµã«ãã«ãµã³ä»¥åã®äŒçµ±çãªæ¢
æ¯ã®æ²»çæ³ãšããã°ãæ°Žéã䜿ã£ããã®ã§ãæ°Žéç»èžæ³ãæ°Žéè»èãç¥ãããŠãããéšå£«ã«ããŠæ¡å 詩人ãã«ã¿ãŒææ³ã®åŒ·åãªå®è·µè
ã§ãã£ããŠã«ãªãã»ãã©ã³ã»ãããã³ïŒ1488-1523ïŒã®æ»å ã¯
ããããã³ã¯æ°Žéçæ³ã®æãããã«ã€ããŠãèªèãçç¡æšã«ããæ²»çãšãã©ã³ã¹ç ãšã«ã€ããŠã(åé¡De morbo Gallico On the French disease.1519)ã«èšããŠããã
Â
ãæ£è ã¯æ¥ã«äžåºŠãæ°åºŠã«ããã£ãŠãã®è»èã®ãããµãŒãžãåããåžžæé«æž©ã«ä¿ãããŠããçºæ±å®€ã«éããããããããã®ãããªçæ³ãäºãæ¥ããäžãæ¥ã®éç¶ããããã®æ²»çã®ããã«æ£è ã¯è¡°åŒ±ãã¯ãããã巚倧ãªè «ãããšããªã朰çãããã€ãåœåãå£ã«çŸãããæ¯èãè «ããæ¯ã¯ããããããŠããããæãèœã¡ããåãæ°ãå¬ããããããªæ¶ãå£ããã ãã ããšæµãåºããŠããã倧éšåã®æ£è ãã¡ã¯ã»ãšãã©çŸäººäžäžäººããæ²»ããªããããªããããéè®ãªæåœãããæ»ã¬æ¹ããããšæã£ãŠããã*9
Â
æ°Žéç»èžæ³
Â
ããªã«ããæ¢
æ¯ããããæããããæ°Žéæ²»çã䌌ããå¯ã£ããã§ã
ããããã³ã®æ¬ã®åœ±é¿ã§çç¡æšã«ããæ²»çã人æ°ãåãããããæ±ã貿ææ¥è ããšãã«ããã¬ãŒå®¶ã®ã¢ãŠã°ã¹ãã«ã°ã®éèäŒç€Ÿã¯å€§ç¹æ ããããã®è皌ãã®ãããã«ã€ããŠã¯ããäžå äžçŽã«æ³çããæ¯é ãããŸã§ã«ã®ãããã£ããã€ãã®è²¡é¥ããã¬ãŒå®¶ã®å¯ã®äžéšã¯ãæ¢ æ¯ã«ãã£ãŠããããããã®ã§ãã£ãã*10ãšãŸã§äºãããŠããã
Â
ãŠãœãŠãã¯ã«ããæ¢ æ¯æ²»çãå»è ã®æããããžã豪è¯ã§ããããšãææãããŠããã
Â
ã
ãâŠâŠãšãã®ãããæ°Žéæ²»çã¯æ¥µåé¿ãããæ²æšãªãã®ã§ãã£ãããããã«æ£è ã«è¿œãæã¡ããããã®ã¯ãæ°Žéæ²»çãåããŠããããšã誀éåããªãããšã§ãã£ãã
Â
ãæ°Žéã¯ãçºç±ãåŸæ¶²éå€ãè ºã®è¥å€§ãæ¯ã®ç·©ã¿ãäœã®æªèãªã©ãæããã€ãŸããæã身è¿ã§èŠªæãªäººç©ã«ãèªåãæ¢ æ¯ã®æ²»çãåããŠããããšãé ããŠããã®ã¯äžå¯èœã ã£ãã®ã§ããã*13
Â
ãæ¢ æ¯ã«ã€ããŠã¯æ°Žéã«ãããããã¯æé£ãçäžã«ãããæ²»çæ³ãããã眪ã«ãããã眰ã ãšç解ãããŠããããã®åŸåã¯ã18äžçŽä»¥éãäžç£éçŽã®åèãšãšãã«é¡èã«ãªã£ããšããããã*14ããã¯19äžçŽã«å ¥ã£ãŠãããã§ãå®æé¢ä¿è ã«ããã°ãæ¢ æ¯ã¯ç¥çœ°ã§ãã以äžãäºé²ã ãšãå¹æçãã€èŠçã®å°ãªãæ²»çæ³ãšãã£ãããšãèããå¿ èŠãªã©ãªããæ¢ æ¯ã«ææãããããããªãããšããææããã人ã ãèŠåŸãšå«ççç掻ã«å°ããšèããããŠããã*15ãåæ§ã®èããããæçã¬ãª12äžã¯1826幎ã«ã³ã³ããŒã ã®äœ¿çšãçŠæ¢ããïŒããïŒïŒã*16ããããçºæ³ã¯ããã¥ãã¬ã€ãç¥ç¶ãã®ãªãããŒèŠ³ãšãŸã£ããåãã§ã¯ãªããã
ããããªããããŸã ã£ãã®ã§ãæ¢ æ¯ã«ææãããšããããšæ²èŠ³ããŠèªæ®ºããè¥è ãåŸã絶ããªãã£ãããããŠåœŒãã¯ãæ°Žéçæ³ãå ãã身è¿ãªè ãããããé ãããšãã§ãããªãã©ã®ãããªä»£æ¿å»çã«ãé£ã³ã€ããã
Â
ãïŒ
Â
ã以äžããµãŸããŠã話ã¯ããªãããŒã®å®³æ¯ãïŒãšæ³åãããŠãããã®ïŒã«æ»ãã®ã ãã19äžçŽã«ãªã£ãŠãçžå€ããããªãããŒã®å®³ãè ããç·æ§ã®æŽ»åããšããçµå©ã®å²çãããå»åŠè©è«ã»ç·ãããããšãã£ãã€ã³ããå»åŠæžã¯å±±ã»ã©åºçãããŠãããããããç·æ§ã®æ©èã®åå ãšæ²»çã«ã€ããŠãç¥çµçãèäœç衰匱ãèšæ¶ããã³çåã®æžéãè °çããªãã³äžå¿«ã«ããŠåœãçž®ããçŸç ã®æ²»çæ³ã*17ããã¬ãã
ããã§ã«å¹Ÿã€ãåŒçšããããã©ããææ çãªãã®ãå€ããŠåŒçšããããªã£ãŠããŸãã®ã§ããäžã€ã
Â
ããããŠãŸããå¢ããæãåºããŠãã幜éã®ããã«ãã®çããå±ãããŸããã®ãã¿ãããšããªãè ãªã©ãããã ããããçŒã¯ã©ããããšããå£ã¯åŸ®ç¬ãããšããªããé¡ã¯ãã£ããè²ã倱ãããã¶ããŠããã¯ãåã³ã幞çŠã®å ã济ã³ãŠè±éãããšããªããæ足ã¯ééã«ãªããç°¡åãªåäœã²ãšã€ãããèŠåŽããŠãã£ãšã®ããšã§ããã§ããªãã*18
Â
ãåŒãã ïŒã
Â
ãåŒãã§ãããâŠåž°ããã
Â
ãã¯ãâŠâŠã
Â
ãã»ãšãã©ãã©ãŒå°èª¬ã®æåãããããããæç®ã¯ãããžã§ïŒã¢ã³ãªã»ã²ã©ã³ã«ããã°ãããããçèŽã®æç®ãéããŠãç«æŽŸãªéžæžãäœãããšæãã°äœãããšãã§ããããããå··éã«ããµããŠããããã§ãããéžæžã¯ãã€ãããäžåã®ã¢ã³ãœããžãŒã«ãŸãšããŠãããããªãèªãã§ã¿ããæ°ãããã
ãããããŠããããææãå¹ã蟌ãŸããæ 匱ã®è¥è ã¯ââãã£ãšãåœæã®æ å ±ç°å¢ã§æ 匱ã¯ãããåŸã¬ããšãªã®ã ãââ蚺å¯ãåããããå°¿ã®è©Šæãéµéããããã«æ±ãããããã ããããããæåŸåäžåããé節ãªç ãã®å åãããããšèšºæãããã®ã ã£ãã
ãããããŠæªãããªæ²»çåšå ·ãé販ã§è²·ããããã®ã¯ãŸã åªãããããã ã*19ã ããã®çšåºŠã§ã¯æžãŸãªãå Žåãç Žæ» ã«è³ããªãããŒç ã®ãå¯äžã®ãçæ³ãšããŠæ瀺ãããã®ã¯ââãããæ°Žéã§ãã£ããã€ã³ã°ãœã³ãšã·ã§ããããããããããŠãæ£è ã®å¿ã®äžã«ãèªåã®çç¶ãšæ¢ æ¯ãšã®éã®æçœãªçµåã圢æããã®ã§ãããã
ã次ã®å Žé¢ã¯ãªããšããã絶åã ãšæãã®ã§ããã²ãèªã¿ããã ãããã
Â
ãçžè«ã¯ç¡æã ãšèª¬åŸãããŠãããããŸå»è ãšçŽæ¥é¢è«ã«ãããããæ£è ã¯ãæ°Žéçæ³ã人ã®å®¹è²ã«åãŒãæãã¹ã圱é¿ã埮ã«å ¥ã现ã«ããã£ãŠç€ºããæš¡åãèŠããããããšã«ãªãããã®äžã§ãããäžã€å¥ã®ãé»éã®ãæ²»çæ³ããããã ãããããŠé«ãã€ãããšèšãæž¡ãããã
ããããããã§ããïŒããšæ£è ã¯èŠæ¶ã«ããããªããäºãããã®ç®ã®åã«ã¯ææã®æš¡åããããè «ãäžãã£ãæ¯èããã€ãŠã¯æ¯ããã£ãé»ãåãã²ã³å²ããŠæ¶²ãã«ããã ç®èãæ¢ æ¯ã§åŽ©ãããã錻ã
ãããããªãåã¯è¥ãæ¹ã ã£ããã§ããããšããããŸå»è ã¯èšãããããªããšããå€ãããªãããã¯ãç·åã§ããã
ãè¥è ã¯æ¶ãæµããã°ããã«ããããããã§ïŒããšåããããããŸå»è ã¯æºæ¯ãã€ãã声ã«ãªããªã声ãç«ãŠãªããèšç®ãããµããããã
ãããç æ°ã¯ããªãé²ãã§ãããŸãã®ã§äºçŸãã³ãããããŸããªããäºçŸãã³ãã¯å€§éã§ãè¥è ã«ã¯æãããããã®ã§ã¯ãªããæ²»çã¯åããããªããè¥è ã¯æ³£ãã
ãããããŸå»è ã¯ãããèãããããšèšããã°ããã«å®¢ãæ °ãããä»ã¯åéã ãããã ããŠãæ®ãã¯åå²æãã«é¡ããŸããããåºå®å©çã§ãè¥è ã¯ãã®å©çãåçŸããŒã»ã³ãè¿ãããšãç¥ããããã*20
Â
Â
Â
ã19äžçŽã€ã®ãªã¹ã¯ç©äŸ¡ãå®å®ããŠããæ¯èŒçèšç®ãããããšèšããããã1ãã³ããã ããã6ïœ8äžåãšã®ããšã§ããããããã£ãŠ500ãã³ããšããã®ã¯ä»ã§ããã°3000ïœ4000äžåã«ãªããããã幎å©400ïŒ ã§è¿æžãããšããã®ã¯å°åžžã§ã¯ãªããåœæã¯ããŸããã¯ã£ãããšéçŽãåãããŠããã®ã§ãäžç£éçŽä»¥äžã®å女ãªããªããšãæããã®ããç¥ããªããããã«ããŠãã²ã©ãããšãããå°çã«å ã¡ãã
Â
ãïŒ
Â
ãããããããããæ代ã«æ±ºãŸã£ãçžæãããè
ã¯ãšããããšãããããããéã¢ããã¯æ§æ¬²åŠçãã©ãããã°ããã®ã ããïŒ
ãçŸä»£ãªããéã¢ãã¯ãªãããŒããšãããšèšãã®ãå®çªã ãããã ããªãããŒã§ããæ¢
æ¯äžŠã¿ã®ãããããç
ã«çœ¹ãïŒãšä¿¡ããããŠããïŒæ代ã«ã¯ãçŸäžžã粟åã§ã±ãã±ãã«ããªããããªãããŒã«ç¹ããåºæ¿ãã²ãããé¿ããæã«æªãããªé販ã®ãã«ãã«é Œã£ãããã€ã€ãæå¿ã®åã§èãããšããããšãªã®ãã
Â
Jonas E.Heyserã®ç¹èš±ã«ãããªãããŒé²æ¢ãã«ãã20äžçŽåé
Â
ãå®éããŠã£ãªã¢ã ã»ã¢ã¯ãã³(1813-1875) ã®ãããªåœæã®æ°Žæºã§ã¯ããªããªãã©ã«ãªå»åž«ââ圌ã¯å£²æ¥ãæ ¹çµ¶ããã®ã¯éçŸå®çã ãšããåœå®¶ã«ããåŸ éæ¹åã蚎ããŠããââã§ããããªãããŒã®å®³æªãéããããã«éèŠãªã®ã¯ãèªå¶ãã§ããã ãšèª¬ããŠããã
Â
ãæ¬åœã®èªå¶ãšã¯ãèªåã®åããããŸããèªåã®æç¶çãªæå¿åããªããã°ã欲æã«èº«ãå§ããããã«èœã£ãŠããŸãã§ããã人éã«ãã£ãŠãªãããããã¹ãŠã®æ 念ã«å¯Ÿããå®ç§ãªã³ã³ãããŒã«ã§ããããšåœŒã¯èšãããã¡ããã圌ã¯ãããè©Šç·ŽãèŸããã³ããè©Šç·Žã§ããããšãããç¥ã£ãŠãããèªå¶ãšã¯ãèšãã°ãåä¹äžçŽã®æ žå¿çãªèŠ³å¿µã§ããã矩åãã®äžãŽã¡ãªã¢ã³ããªã®ã§ããã*21
Â
ãã¢ã¯ãã³ã«ããã°å€¢ç²Ÿãéºç²Ÿã§ãã匷ãæå¿ã®åãããã°é²ãããšããããªããšãªãã°ãæå¿åã«ãã£ãŠå€¢ã®å 容ãã³ã³ãããŒã«ããããšã¯å¯èœã ããã§ãããæ¬åœããã
ãããŠããçŸå®çã«ã¯ãããã£ããšçµå©ããããšããã®ãå¯äžã®æ代ãäžãã解決çã§ãã£ãã*22ãã ãçµå©ããã°äžäºè§£æ±ºã§ããªãããããã¢ã¯ãã³ã®è°è«ã«ããå°ãä»ãåããªãã°ãåºç£ãçµãããšã«ãã£ãŠå€«å©Šãšãæ§æ¬²ãå¹³åè£ã«æžéããŠããããšããã®ã圌ãæãçæ³ã®çµçç¹ã§ããã倫婊ã§ãããããããšç¬èº«è ã®ãªãããŒãšåããããªè¡°åŒ±ãèµ·ããããšåœŒã¯è«ããŠããã*23
ãã€ãŸãçµå©ããããåºç£ãã«çŒç®ã眮ãããŠããããã ããªãã»ã©ãããã«ããåäœãã§ãªãã»ãã¯ã¹ã¯æ¬è³ªçã«ãªãããŒã®åŽãã ãšããè«çãèåŸã«ãããšèããã°ããã®è«çã¯ã¹ã ãŒãºã«ç解ã§ããã*24ããã¯ç£ããæ®ãããçãªå¯åœåŒ·å µãšãçµã³ã€ããåœå®¶ã«ãšã£ãŠããŸããšã«çã«é©ã£ã解決çã ã£ãã®ã§ãã*25ããŸããåºç£ã«å·®ãéããã®ããšããŠæ§ç ãšèªæ °ã¯ç€ŸäŒããåé ã®ç«ã®ãããªæµãšèŠåãããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªããâŠâŠãšããæ§å³ãããŒããã«èŠããŠããã
ãæ§ç ãšåºç£ïŒå¯åœåŒ·å µãšãã芳ç¹ãããã¢ã©ã³ã»ã³ã«ãã³ã¯åœæã®20äžçŽåé ã®ãã©ã³ã¹ã®æ§ç§åŠè ã®èšèª¬ã次ã®ããã«ãŸãšããŠããã
Â
ãæ§ç ã¯ãŸãââãšãããââãšãã£ãŠããã ãããââçš®æããã³ãããããšããã®ããããã¯å¥³æ§ãäžåŠçã«ããæµç£ã®å±éºãèããå¢å ãããçŽæœãªä¹³æ¯ã襲ããå¥åœ¢ãããç æ£è ã粟ç¥è匱è ãå¢ãããããšããããã ãããã§ã¯ãæ§ç åŠè ã®èšèª¬ã«ã¯ã以åã«ããŸããŠããã©ã³ã¹ã«ãããåºççäœäžãå¯ç¥ããŠåãè ãã¡ãã¹ãŠããã ãäžå®ã«éãããšãããããã*26
Â
ããŸããããçŽæ¥çã«ã¯ã
Â
ãçæ®åã衰匱ãããããšã«ãã£ãŠããã®ç æ°ã¯åœå®¶ããæªæ¥ã®å µå£«ã奪ã£ãŠããŸããããã®äžå¹Žã§æ¢ æ¯ã殺ãããšã«ãªãåã©ãã®ååãäžåã®äžã¯ãæãã«ãäºå幎åŸã«ã¯ããã ãã®æ°ã®åŸŽå µé©éœ¢è ã«ãªã£ãŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ããããããšãã¢ã«ãã¬ããã»ãã«ããšã¯é¢šçŽèŠå¶ã®é¢å€å§å¡äŒã®ã¡ã³ããŒã«åããããŠããã*27
Â
ããŸãã³ã«ãã³ã¯åè«æã®ãªãã§ã20äžçŽã«å ¥ã£ãŠæ§ç ïŒãšãã«æ¢ æ¯ïŒäºé²ãšãã芳ç¹ãããã¹ããŒããéå€éåã蟲äœæ¥ããã¬ãããã«ã«ããéåãç¥çäœæ¥ãšãã£ãããŸããŸãªæ§æ¬²ããŸããããããã®åŠæ¹ç®ãææ¡ãããããšã«ã€ããŠè©³è¿°ããŠããããããã»ã©ã®ã¢ã¯ãã³ã®ãªãçŠçãªè°è«ãããçŠæ¬²ã«ããæ§çåé¡ã®è§£æ±ºããšãã芳ç¹ãã倧ãã«å ±éç¹ãèŠåºããã§ãããã
Â
19äžçŽã®ãã¬ãããã«ãéåã§æ§æ¬²ãæè¯ãããïŒPenal treadmill - Wikipedia
Â
ãïŒ
Â
ãããŠãã ãããæžãããããšã¯æžããã以äžã¯ä»é²ãšããŠ20äžçŽã«ããããªãããŒã®ããŒãã©ã€ãŒãŒã·ã§ã³ã«ã€ããŠãŸãšããŠã¿ããã®ã§ãèå³ã®ãªãæ¹ã¯èªã¿é£ã°ããŠãããã ããŠããŸããŸããã
Â
ããŸãå人çãªèŠè§£ãè¿°ã¹ãŠãããšã20äžçŽã«å ¥ã£ãŠãªãããŒã®ããŒãã©ã€ãŒãŒã·ã§ã³ãé²ãã çç±ãšããŠã¯ãçµå©ããªãçãæ¹ããããšããé¢å©ã ã£ãŠããŠãããããšãããããªå人䞻矩ã«ããšã¥ãã©ã€ãã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã®å€æ§åãé²ã¿ããªãããŒæ害説äžèŸºåã§ã¯ç¡çãçããŠããããšããŸãäºåºŠã®å€§æŠã«ãã£ãŠãããçŸå®å¿åã®å»åŠãèŠè«ãããããã«ãªã£ãããšãèæ¯ã«ãããšæãããã
ã20äžçŽååã«æã圱é¿åã®ããæ§ç§åŠè ã§ãã£ããã°ãã¹ã»ãã«ã·ã¥ãã§ã«ãïŒè¿å¹Žã圌ã®ãæŠäºãšæ§ããå®®å°çåžã®è§£èª¬ãã€ãã埩åã§è©±é¡ã«ãªããŸãããïŒã¯ã1917幎ã«åè¡ããããæ§ç çåŠãã®ãªãã§ããªãããŒã®å®³ã«ã€ããŠæžããããã®ã¯ãã¹ãŠæšãŠãã¹ãã ããšå®£èšããŠããããªãããŒã®å®³ãããã¯ã»ããšãã®æå³ã§èšŒæãããããšã¯äžåºŠããªãã®ã ããšãã«ã·ã¥ãã§ã«ãã¯ããã
ããŸãããªãããŒã®ããŒãã©ã€ãŒãŒã·ã§ã³ã«ã€ããŠã¯ããŽããã¯ã»ãšãªã¹ã®ååšãæããããšã¯ã§ããªãã圌ã®ãæ§ã®å¿çåŠçç 究ãïŒ1897-1928ïŒã®ç»æçãªç¹ã¯ãæ§ã«ã€ããŠãããã¹ã姿ãââèªç¶ãªãæ¬æ¥çãªããããã¯ç¥ãå®ããââãšãã£ãåæããã£ããæé€ããããŸããããŸãŸã®æ§ã®åœ¢æ ãè«ããããšã ãšéå¡è²æã¯ææããŠããããšãªã¹ã¯ãèžè¡ãè©©ãšããæ£åžžãªçŸããã®äžèŠå ã§ãããšããã®ããŸã人çå šäœãå€å°ãšã圩ã£ãŠãããšããã®æå§ãããæ§æŽ»åãã®è«žå€åœ¢ã®çŸããããªãŒãã»ãšããã£ã¹ã ããšåŒã³ããªãããŒããã®äžã€ã§ãããšããã*28
ã20äžçŽã®äž¡å€§æŠéã«ã¯ãéå°å¹Žã®ãªãããŒã«å®³ã¯ãªããšããæ§æè²ãæå¿ã«ãã£ãŠè¡ãããããã«ãªã£ããäžäŸãæãããšãœã«ãã³ãã®å«çåŠæ£ææã¢ã«ããŒã«ã»ãã€ãšãããªãŒã¡ãŒãœã³å£å¡ãã¡ãããã§ãã£ããã圌ãã®æŽ»åã«ã¯ããã€ã䞻矩ã®åœ±é¿ããã£ãããã®ææã«ãªããšãªãããŒæ害掟ããããæ€éæŠãçãªèšèª¬ãæ£èŠãããããã«ãªãããããããããããã¯ãããªãã掟ã§ãããã¢ã«ããŒãã»ã¢ã«ãã€ã¯ã³ã»ããããã1929幎ã®ãå»åŠç¥èçŸç§äºå žãããããã£ãç«å Žãæ¡ã£ãŠããããããããå Žåã®å®³ãšããã®ã¯ã ãããåèµ·äžå šã§ãã£ããé°é¬±ãç¡ææ³ãå©å·±äž»çŸ©ã«é¥ããšãã£ããã®ã§ããããã¯çŸä»£ã®ã€ã³ã¿ãŒããããã«ãäžæ¯ã«ãŸã€ããèšèª¬ã«ãããæŽç·Žãããããã¡ã§ç¶æ¿ãããŠãããã ãããã¯ãããšããŠãããããã¯ãããªãã掟ããã³ããæ¹å€ã«ãããããé »åºŠã«ããããããªãããŒã«å®³ã¯ãªããšãã説ãæåãšãªã£ãã*29
ãããã€ãã¯å¹Œå æã®å€ååé¯çãªã»ã¯ã·ã¥ã¢ãªãã£ãåçºèŠããã圌ã®çè«ã¯å®å šãªãªãããŒç¡å®³è«ã«ã¯ãªããã£ãŠããªãéæž¡æçãªãã®ã§ã幌å°æã®ãªãããŒãæ®éçãªããšããã€ã€ããææ¥æãè¶ ããŠãªãããŒãç¶ããããšã«ã¯äºãã®åé¡ããããšããã*30ã ãããã¯ããªãããŒã«äŒŽã空æ³ãç¥çµè¡°åŒ±ããã¹ããªãŒãäžå®ç¥çµçã®æºæ³ã«ãªããšããè«çã§ãã£ãŠãªãããŒèªäœã®å®³ã¯éèŠãããŠããªãããŸãããã€ããšãã®åŒåãã¡ã¯ãéæ¥æã®ç°æ§æé¢ä¿ãçŠãã瀟äŒã®äžå¯å®¹ãã«åŒ·ãå察ããã
ãäžæ¹ã§ãã®æ代ã«ãªãããŒå®³æªèª¬ã®çåãšãªã£ãã®ã¯ãã£ã±ãã«ãœãªãã¯æäŒã§ãã£ãã1926幎ã®ãã«ãœãªãã¯ç¥åŠèŸå žãã§ã¯ãç·è²ãç£å§ŠãšäžŠãã§ãéºç²Ÿãšãªãããºã ããåæã®å çªç®ã®æåŸã«åãããã®ãšããŠäŸç¶ãšããŠå€§ããæ±ãããŠããã*31
ã1930幎代é ã«ã¯ããªãããŒã«ã¯å¿èº«ã«å¯Ÿãã害ããŸã£ãããªãããšãããããå»åŠçã®å ±éäºè§£ãšãªã£ãããã®æ±ºå®æãšãããŠããã®ããã«ãã®è«æãåäŸã®ç æ°ãïŒH.Holt,L&Howland:Diseases of Infancy and Childhood,1940)ã§ãããããã«ãã£ãŠãªãããŒãæ害ãåŠããšããè°è«èªäœããã§ã«æ±ºçãã€ãããã®ãšãããã50幎代ã«ãªããšãã³ãŒã€ãç·æ§ã®æ§è¡åã(1948)ããã³ã女æ§ã®æ§è¡åã(1953)ãåºãŠããŠãå®éã«ç·å¥³ãšãå§åçå€æ°ã®è ãææ¥æã«ãªãããŒãããŠããããšãããããã«ãªã£ããããŸãããããããªãããšãæªããŸããç¥çµçã®å«çãããããããæ代ãšãªã£ãã®ã§ããã*32ã ããã³ãŒã€ã®æç¹ã§ãç·æ§ã®çŽ4åã®1ã¯ãªãããŒã«çœªæªæãæããäœããã®æ²»çãå¿ èŠãšèããŠãããšããã
Â
ãâŠâŠãã以åŸãä»æ¥ãŸã§ãæºãæ»ãçã«ãªãããŒæ害説ã¯æ£èŠããããããããå»åŠçãªåœ±é¿åãæã€ããšã¯ãã¯ããªãããããã°èã®æ ¹èšè«ãšããŠã¯ãããªãã«æ瀺ãç²åŸããã*33
ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããããã«ãã¯æ°ãã課é¡ã§ããããªãããŒæ害説ã«ããæŽç·Žãããããã¡ã§å èãåœãŠããã®ã§ãããããã«ã€ããŠã¯ä»¥åãäžã®èšäºã§äºãã®æ€èšãå ããããšãããã
Â
Â
ãããããã°æè¿ããããªãçŠã§é ãã·ã£ãã£ãšããããšããã€ã±ã¡ã³ã«ãªãããšããå®ããã«åœããããšãã£ãèšèª¬ãèŠãããããããã¯å€ä»£ããååšãããã£ãœã®ããªããã¹ã ããèžè¥²ããŠãããšããã®ã粟液ïŒãšãã«ã®ãŒèª¬ãã®æ«è£ã§ãããšãåããã
Â
çŸä»£ã®ããªãçŠãèšèª¬ãã¡ãã£ãšã°ã°ã£ãã ãã§ãã®äœåãåºãŠããã
Â
[ç¹å¥èªå] ãªãçŠãšã¹ã㌠- ç«äžž | ãšãªãã®ã€ã³ã°ãžã£ã³ã
Â
ãã€ã³ããçæ³ã«ããŠããªãããŒæ害説ã«ããŠããããŸã ã«å±å°æŠã¯ç¶ããŠããããšãã£ããšãããããŸãèå³æ¬äœãšãããæ°å転æãšããããããããã®ã§è»œããã£ãŠã¿ãã®ã¯ãããã§ããã©ãã
ãã§ã¯ä»æ¥ã¯ãããªãšããã§(ã»Ïã»)ïŸïœŒ
Â
Â
Â
ãâ»æ¬æãç ©éã«ãªãã®ãé¿ããããã«èš»ã®äœè£ããšããŸããããæ¬çš¿ã¯è«æã§ã¯ãªããããŸã§æåå²çãšãã»ã€ãªã®ã§ãã®ãŠãã«ã€ããäºè§£ãã ããã
*1:ç³å·åŒçŸ©ããã¹ã¿ããŒã·ã§ã³ã®æŽå²ã
*2:ãã£ãã£ãšïŒãžã£ãã¯ã»ãã¥ã·ã§ããªãããºã ã®æŽå²ã
*3: Pierre GarnierïŒLe mariage dans ses devoirs,ses rapports et ses effects conjugaux,(1890)ãåæž
*4:ãžã£ã³ã»ã¹ã¿ã³ãžã§ïŒã¢ã³ãã»ãã¡ã³ã»ããã¯ãèªæ °ã
*5:ãã¥ã·ã§ãåæž
*6:Gã»ã¹ã¿ã³ãªãŒã»ããŒã«ã¯ãé幎æãïŒAdolessece,1904ïŒã®ãªãã§ã1820ïœ30幎代ã®ã·ã¢ã³ãã©ã«ãã³ãšãã£ãå»åž«ã®èšèª¬ã¯ãç§åŠãšèšãããã¯é埳åŸã®èŠè«ã«ãã£ããã®ãã§ãã£ããšææããŠããããã®ããŒã«ã®ã³ã¡ã³ãã«ã€ããŠç³å·ã¯ãå€å žçãã¹ã¿ããŒã·ã§ã³èŠ³ããã®é¢åãç©èªããã®ããšããŠããããã ãããŒã«ããŸãéæž¡çã§ããã圌ã¯ãªãããŒããæªç¿ããšåŒãã§ã¯ã°ãããªãã£ããããã£ãœã«å¯ŸããŠãäžå®ã®æ¬æã瀺ããŠããã
*7:P.J.-C.Debreyne:Essai sur la theologie morale consideree dans ses rapports avec la physiologie et la medecine.(1844) ãã¥ã·ã§ãåæž
*8:ãŽã©ã«ããŒã«ïŒåææ£äžéèš³ãã«ã³ãã£ãŒãã
*9:ã¯ããŒãã»ã±ãã«ãæ¢ æ¯ã®æŽå²ã
*10:ç«å·æäºãç æ°ã®ç€ŸäŒå²ã
*11:ãç ã®æåå²ãäžå·»ãæåãããšãŒã«ã»ãã§ã€ãŠãäŒæç ã®äžçŽã
*12:濱ç°ç¯€é ãç«ç ã¯èŠåããã
*13:ãããŒãã»ã€ã³ã°ãœã³ïŒã€ã¢ã³ã»ã·ã§ãããå±ãªãå»è ãã¡ã
*14:H.E.ã·ã²ãªã¹ããç æ°ãšææãã«ããã°ããããŸã§ã¯ç䟯貎æãéšå£«ã®ç ãšããããã¥ãããã®ç¢ãããŽã£ãŒãã¹ã®æãæ§ããšãã£ãçæŽãªä»åãã€ããããŠããæ¢ æ¯ãã18äžçŽã«å ¥ã£ãŠãæ§çã«å³æ Œã§ãã家åºã®ç¥èã匷調ãããã«ãžã§ã¢ãåãæã€ããšã«ãã£ãŠæ¿ããéé£ãããããã«ãªã£ããšãããã¡ãã£ãšèå³æ·±ãã®ã¯ããããç䟯貎æã«æµè¡ããåããŸã äž»ã«åº¶æ°ã®ããã ã§æµè¡ããŠãã16äžçŽåã°ãŸã§ã¯ããã¯ãæ¢ æ¯æ£è ã«å¯Ÿããå³ããé埳çæ¹å€ããã£ãïŒç«å·ïŒãšããããšã ãã€ãŸãæ¢ æ¯æ£è ãžã®éé£ã¯ããã£ããç·©åãããããšã§åã³å³ãããªã£ãããšã«ãªãã
*15:ã¹ãã£ãŒãŽã³ã»ããŒã«ã¹ãããäžã€ã®ãŽã£ã¯ããªã¢æ代ã
*16:Heinrich Zimmern:Hethitische Gesetze aus dem Staatsarchiv von Boghazkoi,1922ïŒã·ã²ãªã¹ããåæž
*17:ã€ã³ã°ãœã³ïŒã·ã§ãããåæž
*18:Les vices du Peuple:suivis de l'histoire et du traitement des maladies veneriennes(1888)ïŒãæãšã»ã¯ã·ã¥ã¢ãªãã®æŽå²ãæåãããžã§ïŒã¢ã³ãªã»ã²ã©ã³ããã¹ã¿ãŒããŒã·ã§ã³ç³ŸåŒŸïŒã
*19:æãã°åãåŠçã®é ã«ã¯ãç·æ§éèªã®åŸãã®ã»ãã®ããŒãžã«ããå èãæ²»ããªã³ã°ãšãã¡ãããã§ãããããã³ããªããããé«ãããã©è¥è ãã®ãªã®ãªè²·ãããããªå€æ®µã§å£²ãããŠãããããã¯ããããããããŸåæ³ã®æ«è£ã ããã
*20:ã€ã³ã°ãœã³ïŒã·ã§ãããåæž
*21:ããŒã«ã¹ãåæž
*22:ããŒã«ã¯åæ²æžã®ãªãã§ãçµå©å¹Žéœ¢ãäžãã£ãããšã«ãã£ãŠææ人ã¯éè®äººããããã¹ã¿ãŒããŒã·ã§ã³ã®æªç¿ã«é¥ããããããšããŠããã
*23:ããŒã«ã¹ãåæž
*24:ããã§ãªãããŒãšãã¹ã¿ãŒããŒã·ã§ã³ã®åŸ®åŠãªèªçŸ©ã®éãã«æ³šç®ããŠãããããã¹ã¿ãŒããŒã·ã§ã³ã¯å°ããæãmanusã§ãæ·«ãããsturpareããšãæããããªãããŒã¯æ§è¡ä»¥å€ã®ãããŸãªæ段ã§ã®å°ç²Ÿãæå³ããèšèã§ããã
*25:ã¢ãã»ããã·ã§ããªãºã ãšã»ã¯ã·ã¥ã¢ãªãã£ãåžæ°é埳ãšãããºã ãã«ããã°ãè¿ä»£ã®åãªãããŒãå«ãã»ã¯ã·ã¥ã¢ãªãã£çµ±å¶ã«ã¯ãã·ã§ããªãºã ã®å°é ã圱é¿ããŠãããšããã
*26:ãçŸä»£ææ³ãç¹éïŒãæµè¡ç ãã®ãšãã¹ããŒã¡ãæåãã¢ã©ã³ã»ã³ã«ãã³ãæ§ç ã®è åšã
*27:åæž
*28:éå¡è²æããªããã¹ã ã®ç§©åºããäœè«ã ããšãªã¹ã®ãæ§ã®å¿çåŠçç 究ãã®éŠèš³ããæ§ã®å¿çãå š7å·»ã¯ãããããŸããã ã£ãã®ã ãããå šåœã®å€æžåºã§å®äŸ¡ã«èŠããããªããšãªãèèŠãããŠããããã®ãã€åãæ¬ãªã®ã§ããããããã埮枩çãªèèŠã¯ããã¯ã¹ãã·ã¥ãã©ãããªã©æ§ç§åŠæžå šè¬ã«èŠããããäžäœãªããªã®ããå°æ±ãäžå¹Žç·æ§ã®ç¬å± æ®ããé£æ³ãããããšã§ãèšãã®ã ãããã
*29:ã¹ã¿ã³ãžã§ïŒããã¯ãåæž
*30:ããã€ããã»ã¯ã·ã¥ã¢ãªãã£ã®çè«ã«é¢ããäžã€ã®ãšãã»ãŒã
*31:ãã¥ã·ã§ãåæž
*32:ãã¥ã·ã§ãåæž
*33:æ¬çš¿ã§ã¯è©³ããåãäžããªããããã¥ã·ã§ãã²ã©ã³ã®æç®ã«èŒã£ãŠããã®ã§èå³ã®ããæ¹ã¯åç §ããŠãã ããã